Nissan Supply Chain Management - 829 Words

ANALYTICAL REPORT: EFFICIENT JIT SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION Nissan Motor Company Ltd is one of the biggest automobile manufacturing companies in the world. It ranked 5th number overall in automobile industry. It was founded by Mr Yoshike Aikawa in 1933 with the name Tobata Casting Ltd but in 1933 the name was changed to Nissan. It’s headquarter is in Japan. In 1962 it entered into European market. Currently, the company has net income more than $300 billion. Since Nissan adopted Just In Time (JIT) based supply system, the inventory levels being reduced from 12 to 2.5 days’ supply. The reduction on the number of days is significantly at 80%.. SUMMARY Nissan introduced a sustained and efficient Just In Time supply chain. JIT†¦show more content†¦The stock retained at the cross-dock is sufficient enough to supply the factory for the next 16 hours before the next arrival of the next supplier collection. iii. ‘Line-haul’ Deliveries The load will leave the cross-dock based on the delivery manifest in order to ensure they meet the required time. The drivers must follow the delivery manifest as they are liable for the correct time delivery and also the location of the delivery. In addition, the drivers must take off-loading and on-loading time as considerations to avoid any late deliveries. At the factory, there is a computerised load receipt system which will act as a proof that the factory already received their package. Furthermore, the computerised load receipt also identifies the re-usable packaging where the line-haul driver will bring along to cross dock. The packaging that being returned to cross-dock will be sent back to the suppliers during the supplier collection process which will be beneficial to reduce wastage and keep the environment clean. CONCLUSION As a conclusion, the operation based on the logistic scheme has helped Nissan to reduce their inventory levels from 12 to 2.5 and finally 0.7 days. The logistic scheme is also proven in reducing the total number of transportation vehicle travel and minimize fuel consumption. In a nutshell, cooperation from all parties are needed to ensure in the efficiency of the supplyShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Management: Nissan Cogent Case Study2669 Words   |  11 Pages2012 - 2013 Maryam Ali Tahir SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT EARLY SUPPLIER INVOLVEMENT AND CODEVELOPMENT: NISSAN COGENT CASE STUDY SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Table of Contents 1- INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 3 2- DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................................... 3 3- KEY THEORETICAL POINTSRead MoreCase Study : Japan s Supply Chain Of Nissan Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagespotential costs and benefits of these actions. Responding to natural disasters was a major task Nissan faced in fiscal 2011 and came to be symbolic for its activities that year. Nissan is always seeking to strengthen its risk management systems in order to better prepare for natural disasters and other emergency situations. While maintaining close communication with its suppliers and each of its global bases, Nissan continue to work hard to minimize risk and keep going smoothl y as it goes (Shiga, 2012)Read MoreSupplier Development Nissan Cogent Case Essay2823 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ TITLE PAGE SUPPLIER DEVELOPMENT: A NISSAN-COGENT CASE-STUDY (M25EKM) PRESENTED BY EMEKA ANTHONY EKPOKOBA 4664871 TABLE OF CONTENT. Introduction Chapter One: Supplier Development. 1.1: Definitions of Supplier development. 1.2: Organizational structures that support the Supplier development scheme. 1.3: Objectives of entering into a partnership with Suppliers 1.4: The role of Leadership in supporting Supplier Development. Chapter Two: Implementing the Supplier DevelopmentRead MoreCase Study : Nissan s Business Objectives, Customer Demand And That The Project Is Worth Proceeding Towards Implementation?1223 Words   |  5 PagesAnthony Rivard MBA 676 Nissan Canada †¢ Problem / Key Issues. o What is the main problem to be solved? ï‚ § How should Dave Richardson evaluate if the proposed ICON project meets Nissan s business objectives, customer demand and that the project is worth proceeding towards implementation? o What are the key issues (sub-problems) that need to be analyzed in order to solve the main problem? ï‚ § What are the potential financial costs and benefits of the ICON project? ï‚ § What affect could the ICON projectRead MoreEssay on Manufacturing Operations and Managing Services2303 Words   |  10 Pagesautomobile industry such as Nissan, Honda and Toyota got highly affected by the disaster. The case mainly focuses on Nissan, the impact of earthquake on the company and how it responded to the calamity. The company took various protective steps to achieve the momentum of business operations back along with making remarkable flow of income and generating fair revenues at the time of calamity to make situations normal. Q1. The case identifies several aspects of the Nissan response that were particularlyRead MoreNissan S Supply Chain2233 Words   |  9 Pages[pic] FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING Module Assignment SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT M25EKM By Rama Venkata Naveen Reddy Karri STUDENT ID: 2891540 MODULE LEADER: Mr. Phil Southey YEAR 2009-2010 INDEX Read MoreNissan Cogent Case Study2103 Words   |  9 PagesSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT NISSAN COGENT CASE STUDY CONTENTS Page number 1. AIM 3 2. INTRODUCTION 3 3.1. Supply Chain 3. NISSAN-An Overview 4 4.2. Mission 4 4.3. SWOT analysis. 4 4. Evolution of COGENT 5 5. COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY 7-8 6.4. Toyota 7 6.5. Nissan 8 6.6. Honda Read MoreCase Study : Nissan Canada Inc.1548 Words   |  7 PagesNissan Canada Inc. Purpose This is a case study analysis on Nissan Canada Inc. (NCI) and its plan to move from a â€Å"make to stock† to a â€Å"make to order† process and the implementation of NCI’s Integrated Customer Ordering Network (ICON). Involved in the implementation of ICON, NCI is faced with several challenges in the conversion of its outdated ordering process to Manugistics, an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. (Hunter, 2007) Through analyzing the information provided in the case, theRead MoreStrategic Sourcing Of A Supply Chain Management1271 Words   |  6 PagesResponsible Sourcing Before a supply chain manager can truly understand strategic sourcing, they must have a good working knowledge of the purchasing and procurement processes, which I will explain in detail later in my research. Strategic sourcing is an aspect of supply chain management that is becoming more prevalent in the business world. Without strategic sourcing a firm will not and cannot maximize the potential of its supply chain and altogether meet the company’s overall business goalsRead MoreImpact Of Downturn On The Fall Of Construction Output1466 Words   |  6 Pagessince 2008 has generally increased levels of competition and the ‘buying’ of turnover through the submission of low bids. This is especially relevant in capital intensive and high overhead businesses. These price pressures have flowed back up the supply chain, where price reviews have often been worse than the capacity to reduce cost from operations. In fact, there has been inflation exceeding cost incre ases in areas such as energy, which is a key cost line of some construction products manufacturers

Essay on Individual Development Plan - 986 Words

August 7, 2001 Individual Development Plan Each individual is just that: individual. We all have our strengths and weakness. Life is about exploring and improving on those. Growth never ends. It is expanding our minds and attitudes to make life happy and peaceful. My development depends what I do to accomplish my life goals. My carrier path will depend on how I can grow and develop in my field and management capabilities. I like to think I have many strengths. After review of my character/ personality test, I can see what they are. I am a task-oriented leader, which drives me to finish a project. I have a strong individual work ethic, which allows me to be responsible and not rely on others. I am good at building and leading†¦show more content†¦I have a low emotional stability. I also have a high amount of neediness, which can me extremely unsatisfied. Tommy Woods Independent Improvement Plan August 2001 - Read Celebration of Discipline - Practice a new discipline each month August 2002 - Review Tools for Teams - Apply one section from book each month January 2003 - Read Bridges Not Walls, a Book About Interpersonal Communication - Try a technique from the book each month January 2004 - Read The 21 Irrefutable Laws Of Leadership Follow Them And People Will Follow You - Apply a law each month I believe reading is the key to finding success, whether its work or play. I found several resources to improve on my weakness while enhancing my strengths. The four resources are Celebration of Discipline, Tools for Teams: Building Effective Teams in the Workplace, Bridges Not Walls: A book about Interpersonal Communication, and The 21 Irrefutable Laws Of Leadership Follow Them And People Will Follow You. It has been said that it takes twenty-eight days to develop a habit, I have decided to pace my self a month for developing each new technique I have researched and determined that these three resources can help find the growth I am looking for. Celebration of Discipline by Richard F. Foster is a book about the path to spiritual growth. This book will help me train myself to be emotionally stronger while reaffirming my ethics andShow MoreRelatedIndividual Development Plans1101 Words   |  5 PagesIndividual Development Plans PSY 301 Terray Kashuba September 8, 2006 Personal Development Skills From infancy to adulthood, a person’s emotional development skills differ on many levels; for example: a person may have the ability to manage a whole department but lack a few skills necessary to manage the people who work in that department. I feel as though I can relate to this issue due to the fact that even though my employees get their jobs done, I sometimes sense that they do not considerRead MoreIndividual Professional Development Plan: Human Services2477 Words   |  10 PagesIndividual Professional Development Plan: Human Services A career in social work or human services is similar in the duties and type of work environment. Both of these positions require a desire to help others in many ways. Human Services Assistants may help clients with special needs obtain the services that will help them to develop and improve their situation. Social workers are considered human services workers, only they typically perform more hands-on duties with clients (BLS, 2012a). ARead MoreCareer Planning and Development.Doc3746 Words   |  15 PagesCAREER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION:- The term career planning is frequently used in relation young boys and girls studying at the college level. 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Similarly at the state level, development is guided by the State D evelopment Plans, and otherRead MorePost Apartheid South Africa2901 Words   |  12 Pagesdisparate areas are prioritized with the resources that are available. The Integrated Development Plan was developed to ensure that local government implements its constitutional obligations of managing structures and programs that will ensure service delivery, social and economic development in conjunction with the provincial and national spheres. The aim of the document is to determine whether the Integrated Development Plan is an effective strategic planning tool by assessing the objectives, process,Read MoreUnit 5001 Personal Development as a Manager and Leader Essay10584 Words   |  43 PagesPersonal Development as a Manager Leader Author: Liz Oram Kent County Council 16th December 2011 Contents Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 3 Section 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 Section 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 5 Section 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 7 Section 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 10 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 12 Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreDeveloping Self and Others Essay2924 Words   |  12 PagesContents Summary Introduction Findings: Section 1: Know how to identify development needs Assessment Criteria (AC) AC1.1 Identify your own learning style(s) and the learning style(s) of another member of the team. 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General Social Care Council Code of Practice I must protect the rights and promote the interests of my residents I do it by treating everybody as an individual and by maintaining their privacy and dignity I must strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence between myself and my residents I do it by being honest, reliable and dependable, by communicating in a straightforward way and by maintainingRead MoreCoca Colas Current Business Practices And Then Works With Develop An Individual Development Plan ( Idp )1602 Words   |  7 PagesWith this supplier development, Coca-cola ensures that their supplier will be able to bring them what they need and that their suppliers can offer competitive market pricing. Coca-Cola does a full analysis of the company s current business practices and then works with them to develop an Individual Development Plan (IDP). The IDP outlines objectives, action items, timelines and milestones to ensure the supplier is on track. It also educates their supplier where they need to be heading for their

Mental illness and prison Free Essays

string(63) " most make it a court decision based on psychiatric testimony\." From the 1960’s to the 1980’s, the deinstitutionalization movement demanded that the mentally ill be treated in the community, using new drug therapies that appeared to control even the most extreme behaviors of the mentally ill.   This liberation of psychiatric patients was reinforced by court decisions that awarded certain legal rights to the emotionally ill.   But few community-based programs were developed to treat psychiatric patients effectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental illness and prison or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Released to the community without adequate support and treatment services, the mentally ill gravitated to criminal confinement facilities for offenders, particularly the jail but also to the prisons of the United States. It is estimated that about 15 percent of offenders imprisoned at any time have severe or acute mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, manic-depression illness, and depression.   Approximately 10 to 15 percent of persons with these three illnesses die by suicide.   Yet current treatment is extremely effective, if given.   Prisoners tend to be in poor mental health and about 80 percent of male prisoners and 80 percent of female jail inmates will, over their lifetime, have at least one psychiatric disorder. The greater the level of disability while in prison, the more likely the inmate is to receive mental health services.   In practice, proportionately more female prisoners use mental health services than do males, and whites are more likely to seek or secure prison mental health services than others.   At least half of the inmates who need such treatment go without it (Sigurdson, 2001). While the U.S. Supreme Court has not found that inmates have a constitutional right to treatment, it has ruled an inmate’s constitutional right to medical treatment includes the right to treatment for serious emotional illness.   The correction system is caught in the middle.   Institutions are not required to provide services simply because their clients are criminals, and thus have shifted critical funds to other uses, such as increased security staffing.   The threat of potential litigation has meant that some revision and provisions of mental health services for seriously ill inmates is necessary. As the mentally ill become a larger segment of the population in jails and prisons, professionals in the mental health field became essential to the correctional administrators.   The ratio of mental health practitioners to inmates remains much too low, there has been some progress.   Because many institutions must deal with mental health issues on a priority basis, few to no services are provided for the majority who do not exhibit violent or bizarre behavior.   It is a practical fact that in corrections â€Å"the squeaky wheel gets the grease† (Steadman, 1991). For some inmates, the impacts of prison life overwhelm their usual coping patterns.   Some factors that lead to prison psychosis include the routine of prison, fear of other inmates, forced homosexual behavior, assault and fear of assault, deteriorating in affairs and circumstances of family on the outside of prison and depression.   When the psychological crisis comes, correctional administrators frequently transfer affected inmates to prison infirmaries or psychological treatment words, or initiate inmate transfer to a mental health system. Long-term and intensive psychotherapy for mentally ill inmates is believed to be rare.   Treatment for episodic mental crisis tends to remain at the first aid level in many states.   Death rows do not usually contain a large proportion of a prison’s population but subsume a disproportionate share of the per inmate cost due to the demands of observing, caring, and maintaining death row.   That includes a lower staff-inmate ratio, mail processing, death-watch officer workload, closer custody during recreational periods and so on.   Some inmates on death row become mentally ill and as such cannot be executed (Ford v. Wainright, 106 S. Ct. 2595, 1986). The state has an additional burden of determining if the death-row inmate is insane, establishing some procedure to restore the inmate to sanity, and then certifying the sanity of the patient-inmate.   Because this would be tantamount to a death sentence and not a favor for the inmate, it is unlikely mental health physicians would undertake that process alone or with any great enthusiasm.   It remains for the states to develop procedures for identifying, diagnosing, treating, and certifying the sanity of death row inmates who claim to be insane (Steadman Monahan, 1984). For the extreme behavior cases, there are special units for more intensive treatment, such as the one in Washington State.   That unit is a model of how to deal with extreme mentally and behaviorally disordered prisoners.   Unfortunately, that facility can handle only 144 inmates.   The figure is only about one-tenth of the commonly recognized population of inmates who could use more intensive mental health services.   One quickly finds that only the really severe cases are able to be referred to the Special Offender Center. It appears that the relationship between crime and mental disorder has no real cause effect.   It is essential for society to learn more about distinguishing between different kinds of mental illness and their impacts on safe and secure administration of correctional institutions.   It is important to remember that the real link to look for is one that indicates the potential for harm to the mentally ill person and others.   It may be a long time before such options are available to the already overcrowded corrections system in the United States (Wessely Taylor, 1991). There are two justifications that defendants can invoke in an attempt to relieve themselves of criminal responsibility for a criminal act.   The first is not guilty by reason of insanity and the second is incompetent to stand trial.   In the first instance, offenders do not deny the commission of the act, but assert they lacked the capacity to understand the nature of the act or that it was wrong. The second instance is based on the common law criterion that defendants must be able to understand the charges against them to cooperate with their counsel in the preparation of their own defense.   The procedures for determining competency vary considerably among jurisdictions, but most make it a court decision based on psychiatric testimony. You read "Mental illness and prison" in category "Essay examples"   If defendants are found incompetent to stand trial, then they are usually committed to a mental institution until declared competent (Hans, 1986). Psychiatric judgment of mental abnormality enters into the criminal law in three ways.   Aside from fitness to stand trial and criminal responsibility, if an individual is convicted, psychiatry is often consulted in designing a custodial or treatment program for him or her. One problem in the use of psychiatry in the legal system is that there are vast and irreconcilable differences in the legal standards; fairness is achieved by responding to a specific act with a specific type of reaction while ignoring a mass of details about the accused. On the other hand, in the mental health approach of psychiatry the whole personality of the accused is relevant in determining the state’s response to criminal behavior.   Psychiatry is an applied science, but legal practice makes no such claim.   Clearly, as long as a judge and jury have such important roles in the court process, convicted criminals cannot be treated primarily according to scientific standards.   While it is customary for a judge and jury to participate in the legal process, we would find their dealing with matters of mental health bizarre and while the legal process is typically open to scrutiny by all people affected, the procedures of psychiatry are almost never made public.   The types of accountability of the legal and mental health systems are quite different. If a court correctly describes the facts of a case and chooses the correct legal response to these facts, the court is never held accountable for any negative consequences flowing from its actions, such as the suicide of a convicted offender.   What ultimately happens to the convicted offender or whether the offender’s family must go on welfare is not the court’s concern.   The judge is not bound to such utilitarian considerations.   However the judge is bound by law to a specific range of responses.   Psychiatry, on the other hand, is responsible for how its decisions affect the individual in the future (Galliher, 1989). With the advent of legal insanity and legal incompetence as defenses against criminal conviction caused the development of special asylums for the criminally insane, in most cases just another form of prison without due process protections.   In more recent years those claiming to be not guilty by reason of insanity have been the subjects of considerable debate.   President Nixon sought to have the not guilty by reason of insanity defense abolished.   More informed criminologists point to such problems with the insanity defense as excessive media coverage, suspicion of malingering by the defendant, and conflicting and suspicious testimony by mental health professionals testifying for either the defense or the prosecution. The insanity defense is used in less than 1 percent of all felony cases and of those only one in four are found to be not guilty by reason of insanity.   One study found only the most emotionally and behaviorally disturbed defendants to be successful in their plea and that the successful petitioners had committed more serious offenses.   The decision to acquit is more frequently made in court b y prosecutors, defense attorneys, and the judge, and less frequently by jury members.   Persons acquitted by the not guilty by reason of insanity are generally found less likely than their cohort offenders to commit crimes after release (Hans, 1986). Prosecutors often hope that those accused offenders acquitted through the plea of not guilty by reason of insanity will be institutionalized for a period sufficient to reduce their dangerousness, and to provide both public and safety and some retribution.   The debate continues.   Perhaps the most reasonable solution would be to determine guilt first and then sift the issue of diminished capacity or insanity in that case to the sentencing or case disposition state.   The American Psychiatric Association, following the attack by John Hinckley on the life of President Reagan, recognized that position. As a response, by 1986, twelve states abolished the insanity defense entirely then created guilty by mentally ill statutes in its place.   Under those statues, an offender’s mental illness is acknowledged but not seen as sufficient reason to allow him or her to escape criminal responsibility.   If convicted, offenders are committed to prison.   Some states will provide mental health treatment in the prison setting, but others may transfer the offender to a mental health facility for treatment.   In Georgia, defendants who entered insanity pleas but were determined guilty by mental illness received harsher sentences than their counterparts, whose guilt was determined in trial suggesting increased punishment for the disturbed offender (Callahan, McGreevy Cirincione, 1992). Persons with mental disability, such as mentally disturbed or disorders, were once scorned, banished, and even burned as evil.   But in more enlightened times we have built backwoods fortresses for them to protect ourselves from contagion.   They have been executed as witches, subjected to exorcism, chained or thrown into gatehouses and prisons to furnish a horrible diversion for the other prisoners.   Before the Middle Ages persons with a mental illness were generally tolerated and usually cared for locally by members of their own family, tribal system, or primitive society. However widespread poverty, disease, and religious fanaticism seemed to trigger intolerance for any unexplainable deviation from the norm.   The mentally disturbed were thought to be possessed by devils and demons and were punished harshly because of it.   The first insane asylum was constructed in Europe in 1408.   From that date until recently the asylum was a dumping ground for all the mentally disordered people that could be neither understood nor cured. In the United States, one after another of the individual states responded to that compelling method of ridding society of misfits, and built numerous institutions during the mid 1800’s.   The inflated claims of cures for mental illness could not stand up against the process of institutionalization and long-term commitments sometimes for a lifetime and not cures became the rules of the day (Ives, 1914). Asylums became yet another invisible empire in America with the punitive excess and lack of care or caring ignored by society. â€Å"Out of sight, out of mind† was the catch phrase of these unfortunates.   With the discovery of tranquilizing drugs, these places became a place where patients were put into a controllable stupor, until a cure could be found.   Because of longer and longer periods of institutionalization usually by family members finally got the attention of the courts. In the 1960’s the rights of all citizens, including the mentally ill and convicts, were being re-examined at every level. The abuses in the back wards of the asylums were brought to light and the counter-reaction was extreme.   In the early 1970’s, state after state adopted policies under the Community Mental Health Act that swept the country.   The essential goal was to release all inmates of the asylums who were not a clear and present danger to themselves and society.   This act flooded the central cities of America with tens of thousands of mentally impaired street people and created poorhouses.   The response by most jurisdictions has been to transfer the problem to the criminal justice system, filling the jails and correctional institutions of America, a process known as transintitutionalization (Arrigo, 2002). There appears to be some confusion between physical disease and mental disease.   Because physicians have made great strides in gaining knowledge about physical disease, it is assumed by some people that this is also true of physicians’ knowledge about mental disease.   That is the tendency is to apply the same standards of competence to both areas of practice, even though this is hardly warranted. The distinction between crime and mental illness is unclear.   Some of the writers assume that nearly all criminal behavior is a manifestation of mental disease.   It seems that the reason for both of these ambiguities is that we really do not know what mental illness is, and that is the reason we cannot distinguish between mental illness and physical illness on the one hand and mental illness and crime on the other.   It is unfortunate that the long indeterminate sentences often given to mentally disordered offenders reflect a fear that those committed might be a problem in the future. It is the expectation that someone is capable of predicting criminal inclination that makes so questionable the programs for treating the mentally disordered.   So, one can see the paradox of requiring psychiatrists to predict behavior and to attach a label to offenders, when that might result in an indefinite or even lifelong commitment to a mental institution for someone who is not really dangerous, such as a false-positive prediction.   The individual is then labeled for custody and treatment in a special area within that institution.   When you consider the wealth of folklore surrounding mental institutions, it becomes clear that a dreadful lifelong stigma accompanies the label of criminally insane.   While the public remains upset by the gaping loophole in the net of justice, the courts continue to seek out equitable ways to deal with the offender who has diminished mental capacity. Reference: Arrigo, B. (2002). â€Å"Transcarceration: A Costructive Ethnology of Mentally-Ill    Offenders†.   Prison Journal 81(2), 162-186. Callahan, L., McGreevy, M., Cirincione, C. (1992).   â€Å"Measuring the Effects of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict: Georgia’s 1982 GBMI Reform†.   Law and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human Behavior 16(4), 447-462. Galliher, J. (1989).   Criminology: Human Rights, Criminal Law, and Crime.   N.J.:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prentice Hall. Hans, V. (1986).   â€Å"An analysis of Public Attitudes toward the Insanity Defense†.   Criminology 24(3), 393-413. Ives, G. (1914). A History of Penal Methods.   London: S. Paul. Sigurdson, C. (2001).   â€Å"The Mad, The Bad and The Abandoned: The mentally Ill in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prisons and Jails†.   Corrections Today 62(7), 162-186. Steadman, H. (1991).   â€Å"Estimating Mental Health Needs and Service Utilization Among   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prison Inmates.†Ã‚   Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law    19(3), 297-307. Steadman, H. J. Monahan, J. (1984).   Crime and Mental Disorder.   Washington, D.C.:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   U.S. Department of Justice. Wessely, S., Taylor, P.J. (1991). â€Å"Madness and Crime: Criminology versus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychiatry†.   Criminal Justice How to cite Mental illness and prison, Essay examples

Poverty On The Rise Essay Example For Students

Poverty On The Rise Essay There is a very wide range of income for individuals and families. This is why wehave people that are very wealthy which are referred to as the upper class and there is themiddle class that makes an average income, and the bottom of the income bracket lies thepeople in poverty. Poverty is a condition in which a person or family does not have themeans to satisfy basic needs for food, clothing, shelter, and transportation. Your racedoes not matter, every race has people that are in poverty. But as it is statistically shown,different races have a different number of people in poverty. In 1996, the federalgovernment established a minimum income level below which a person or family isdeclared in poverty. If a single person makes less than $7,995 then they are living inpoverty, and a family has to exceed $16,036 or are also in poverty. From 1996 to 1997 the poverty rate has decreased by .4% In 1996, there was36.5 million people at the poverty level and in 1997 the number of people in povertydecreased to 35.6 million people. Since a decade ago the poverty level has increased from32.4 million people to as high as 39.3 million in 1993, but since 1993 the number ofpeople living in poverty has decreased to 35.6 million people. The percent of the population a decade ago below the poverty was 13.1%, whichhas increases up to 15.1% but here recently the poverty rate is back down to 13.3%Gentry-2 Since the previous year the poverty rate was lower by .4% for the generalpopulation. The poverty rate of children under the age of eighteen has also decreased by.6%. The black poverty rate decreased the most from 28.4% to 26.5%. The Asians and Pacific Islanders had a decrease in their poverty rate by .5%. The whites had the smallestdecrease out of all races because they decreased only by .2%. There are many differentfactors that contribute to the decreasing of the poverty rates, from the decrease of theunemployment to the decrease in government income maintenance programs. A lot of the poverty population is made up of income-maintenance programs. Iwould like to talk about few of the programs that the government offers for people inpoverty. Social insurance programs is the first. There are many different types to thesocial insurance program. The first two are OASDHI and Medicare. OASDHI is alsoknown as social security, which replaces wages lost after retirement. Medicare provideshospital insurance for the elderly and disabled. The third type is unemploymentcompensation which allows workers that are unemployed for a while to collect thirty-fivepercent of their lost wages. The second program is Pubic Assistance. The first type isSupplemental Security Income(SSI) this program allows disabled people to receive aminimum income. Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) and Medicaid usuallyare linked together. Medicaid will pay for hospital bills. AFDC provides certain familieswith children financial support. Medicaid is also offered to SSI recipiances. T he foodstamp program is the last type. It provides Americans with coupons that can be used forfood. The government spends about 736 billion of its dollars on these different types ofprograms. Gentry-3The government provides people in poverty that are in the public assistanceprograms with three different plans. They are supposed to help able-bodied, nonretiredindividuals get out of poverty. The three different plans have many different conflicts. Some of the conflicts are that the government is paying too much money out to thepeople, which means they will be dependent on the government for their income instead ofworking for it. Another conflict is that it is very costly to the government to keep payingfor able-bodied workers. These conflicts are what stir up many different welfare reforms. All fifty states have income-maintenance programs, but the qualifications and rulevary from state to state. In each state, they calculate their poverty rates. The number ofstates that had an increase in poverty rate, in 1995 to 1997 was twenty-two states. Theother twenty-eight states had a decrease in poverty rate. From 1996 to 1997 there werethree states: Alabama, Mississippi, and South Carolina that had a poverty decrease whiletwo states Arkansas and New Hampshire showed increases in their poverty rate. To answer the question, is poverty on the rise? The answer is no. Poverty for thetime being is declining. There are more and more people giving better jobs or getting offpublic assistance programs. In my own opinion, poverty is decreasing because people arerealizing that public assistance programs are getting tougher and tougher to receivebenefits and they wont be around for ever. Today, it may have finally made it through topeople that the value of a higher education is pretty much a necessity to succeed. Economics