Nissan Supply Chain Management - 829 Words

ANALYTICAL REPORT: EFFICIENT JIT SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION Nissan Motor Company Ltd is one of the biggest automobile manufacturing companies in the world. It ranked 5th number overall in automobile industry. It was founded by Mr Yoshike Aikawa in 1933 with the name Tobata Casting Ltd but in 1933 the name was changed to Nissan. It’s headquarter is in Japan. In 1962 it entered into European market. Currently, the company has net income more than $300 billion. Since Nissan adopted Just In Time (JIT) based supply system, the inventory levels being reduced from 12 to 2.5 days’ supply. The reduction on the number of days is significantly at 80%.. SUMMARY Nissan introduced a sustained and efficient Just In Time supply chain. JIT†¦show more content†¦The stock retained at the cross-dock is sufficient enough to supply the factory for the next 16 hours before the next arrival of the next supplier collection. iii. ‘Line-haul’ Deliveries The load will leave the cross-dock based on the delivery manifest in order to ensure they meet the required time. The drivers must follow the delivery manifest as they are liable for the correct time delivery and also the location of the delivery. In addition, the drivers must take off-loading and on-loading time as considerations to avoid any late deliveries. At the factory, there is a computerised load receipt system which will act as a proof that the factory already received their package. Furthermore, the computerised load receipt also identifies the re-usable packaging where the line-haul driver will bring along to cross dock. The packaging that being returned to cross-dock will be sent back to the suppliers during the supplier collection process which will be beneficial to reduce wastage and keep the environment clean. CONCLUSION As a conclusion, the operation based on the logistic scheme has helped Nissan to reduce their inventory levels from 12 to 2.5 and finally 0.7 days. The logistic scheme is also proven in reducing the total number of transportation vehicle travel and minimize fuel consumption. In a nutshell, cooperation from all parties are needed to ensure in the efficiency of the supplyShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Management: Nissan Cogent Case Study2669 Words   |  11 Pages2012 - 2013 Maryam Ali Tahir SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT EARLY SUPPLIER INVOLVEMENT AND CODEVELOPMENT: NISSAN COGENT CASE STUDY SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Table of Contents 1- INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 3 2- DISCUSSION....................................................................................................................................... 3 3- KEY THEORETICAL POINTSRead MoreCase Study : Japan s Supply Chain Of Nissan Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagespotential costs and benefits of these actions. Responding to natural disasters was a major task Nissan faced in fiscal 2011 and came to be symbolic for its activities that year. Nissan is always seeking to strengthen its risk management systems in order to better prepare for natural disasters and other emergency situations. While maintaining close communication with its suppliers and each of its global bases, Nissan continue to work hard to minimize risk and keep going smoothl y as it goes (Shiga, 2012)Read MoreSupplier Development Nissan Cogent Case Essay2823 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ TITLE PAGE SUPPLIER DEVELOPMENT: A NISSAN-COGENT CASE-STUDY (M25EKM) PRESENTED BY EMEKA ANTHONY EKPOKOBA 4664871 TABLE OF CONTENT. Introduction Chapter One: Supplier Development. 1.1: Definitions of Supplier development. 1.2: Organizational structures that support the Supplier development scheme. 1.3: Objectives of entering into a partnership with Suppliers 1.4: The role of Leadership in supporting Supplier Development. Chapter Two: Implementing the Supplier DevelopmentRead MoreCase Study : Nissan s Business Objectives, Customer Demand And That The Project Is Worth Proceeding Towards Implementation?1223 Words   |  5 PagesAnthony Rivard MBA 676 Nissan Canada †¢ Problem / Key Issues. o What is the main problem to be solved? ï‚ § How should Dave Richardson evaluate if the proposed ICON project meets Nissan s business objectives, customer demand and that the project is worth proceeding towards implementation? o What are the key issues (sub-problems) that need to be analyzed in order to solve the main problem? ï‚ § What are the potential financial costs and benefits of the ICON project? ï‚ § What affect could the ICON projectRead MoreEssay on Manufacturing Operations and Managing Services2303 Words   |  10 Pagesautomobile industry such as Nissan, Honda and Toyota got highly affected by the disaster. The case mainly focuses on Nissan, the impact of earthquake on the company and how it responded to the calamity. The company took various protective steps to achieve the momentum of business operations back along with making remarkable flow of income and generating fair revenues at the time of calamity to make situations normal. Q1. The case identifies several aspects of the Nissan response that were particularlyRead MoreNissan S Supply Chain2233 Words   |  9 Pages[pic] FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING Module Assignment SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT M25EKM By Rama Venkata Naveen Reddy Karri STUDENT ID: 2891540 MODULE LEADER: Mr. Phil Southey YEAR 2009-2010 INDEX Read MoreNissan Cogent Case Study2103 Words   |  9 PagesSUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT NISSAN COGENT CASE STUDY CONTENTS Page number 1. AIM 3 2. INTRODUCTION 3 3.1. Supply Chain 3. NISSAN-An Overview 4 4.2. Mission 4 4.3. SWOT analysis. 4 4. Evolution of COGENT 5 5. COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY 7-8 6.4. Toyota 7 6.5. Nissan 8 6.6. Honda Read MoreCase Study : Nissan Canada Inc.1548 Words   |  7 PagesNissan Canada Inc. Purpose This is a case study analysis on Nissan Canada Inc. (NCI) and its plan to move from a â€Å"make to stock† to a â€Å"make to order† process and the implementation of NCI’s Integrated Customer Ordering Network (ICON). Involved in the implementation of ICON, NCI is faced with several challenges in the conversion of its outdated ordering process to Manugistics, an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. (Hunter, 2007) Through analyzing the information provided in the case, theRead MoreStrategic Sourcing Of A Supply Chain Management1271 Words   |  6 PagesResponsible Sourcing Before a supply chain manager can truly understand strategic sourcing, they must have a good working knowledge of the purchasing and procurement processes, which I will explain in detail later in my research. Strategic sourcing is an aspect of supply chain management that is becoming more prevalent in the business world. Without strategic sourcing a firm will not and cannot maximize the potential of its supply chain and altogether meet the company’s overall business goalsRead MoreImpact Of Downturn On The Fall Of Construction Output1466 Words   |  6 Pagessince 2008 has generally increased levels of competition and the ‘buying’ of turnover through the submission of low bids. This is especially relevant in capital intensive and high overhead businesses. These price pressures have flowed back up the supply chain, where price reviews have often been worse than the capacity to reduce cost from operations. In fact, there has been inflation exceeding cost incre ases in areas such as energy, which is a key cost line of some construction products manufacturers

Essay on Individual Development Plan - 986 Words

August 7, 2001 Individual Development Plan Each individual is just that: individual. We all have our strengths and weakness. Life is about exploring and improving on those. Growth never ends. It is expanding our minds and attitudes to make life happy and peaceful. My development depends what I do to accomplish my life goals. My carrier path will depend on how I can grow and develop in my field and management capabilities. I like to think I have many strengths. After review of my character/ personality test, I can see what they are. I am a task-oriented leader, which drives me to finish a project. I have a strong individual work ethic, which allows me to be responsible and not rely on others. I am good at building and leading†¦show more content†¦I have a low emotional stability. I also have a high amount of neediness, which can me extremely unsatisfied. Tommy Woods Independent Improvement Plan August 2001 - Read Celebration of Discipline - Practice a new discipline each month August 2002 - Review Tools for Teams - Apply one section from book each month January 2003 - Read Bridges Not Walls, a Book About Interpersonal Communication - Try a technique from the book each month January 2004 - Read The 21 Irrefutable Laws Of Leadership Follow Them And People Will Follow You - Apply a law each month I believe reading is the key to finding success, whether its work or play. I found several resources to improve on my weakness while enhancing my strengths. The four resources are Celebration of Discipline, Tools for Teams: Building Effective Teams in the Workplace, Bridges Not Walls: A book about Interpersonal Communication, and The 21 Irrefutable Laws Of Leadership Follow Them And People Will Follow You. It has been said that it takes twenty-eight days to develop a habit, I have decided to pace my self a month for developing each new technique I have researched and determined that these three resources can help find the growth I am looking for. Celebration of Discipline by Richard F. Foster is a book about the path to spiritual growth. This book will help me train myself to be emotionally stronger while reaffirming my ethics andShow MoreRelatedIndividual Development Plans1101 Words   |  5 PagesIndividual Development Plans PSY 301 Terray Kashuba September 8, 2006 Personal Development Skills From infancy to adulthood, a person’s emotional development skills differ on many levels; for example: a person may have the ability to manage a whole department but lack a few skills necessary to manage the people who work in that department. I feel as though I can relate to this issue due to the fact that even though my employees get their jobs done, I sometimes sense that they do not considerRead MoreIndividual Professional Development Plan: Human Services2477 Words   |  10 PagesIndividual Professional Development Plan: Human Services A career in social work or human services is similar in the duties and type of work environment. Both of these positions require a desire to help others in many ways. Human Services Assistants may help clients with special needs obtain the services that will help them to develop and improve their situation. Social workers are considered human services workers, only they typically perform more hands-on duties with clients (BLS, 2012a). ARead MoreCareer Planning and Development.Doc3746 Words   |  15 PagesCAREER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT INTRODUCTION:- The term career planning is frequently used in relation young boys and girls studying at the college level. 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Similarly at the state level, development is guided by the State D evelopment Plans, and otherRead MorePost Apartheid South Africa2901 Words   |  12 Pagesdisparate areas are prioritized with the resources that are available. The Integrated Development Plan was developed to ensure that local government implements its constitutional obligations of managing structures and programs that will ensure service delivery, social and economic development in conjunction with the provincial and national spheres. The aim of the document is to determine whether the Integrated Development Plan is an effective strategic planning tool by assessing the objectives, process,Read MoreUnit 5001 Personal Development as a Manager and Leader Essay10584 Words   |  43 PagesPersonal Development as a Manager Leader Author: Liz Oram Kent County Council 16th December 2011 Contents Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 3 Section 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 Section 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 5 Section 3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 7 Section 4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 10 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 12 Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreDeveloping Self and Others Essay2924 Words   |  12 PagesContents Summary Introduction Findings: Section 1: Know how to identify development needs Assessment Criteria (AC) AC1.1 Identify your own learning style(s) and the learning style(s) of another member of the team. 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General Social Care Council Code of Practice I must protect the rights and promote the interests of my residents I do it by treating everybody as an individual and by maintaining their privacy and dignity I must strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence between myself and my residents I do it by being honest, reliable and dependable, by communicating in a straightforward way and by maintainingRead MoreCoca Colas Current Business Practices And Then Works With Develop An Individual Development Plan ( Idp )1602 Words   |  7 PagesWith this supplier development, Coca-cola ensures that their supplier will be able to bring them what they need and that their suppliers can offer competitive market pricing. Coca-Cola does a full analysis of the company s current business practices and then works with them to develop an Individual Development Plan (IDP). The IDP outlines objectives, action items, timelines and milestones to ensure the supplier is on track. It also educates their supplier where they need to be heading for their

Mental illness and prison Free Essays

string(63) " most make it a court decision based on psychiatric testimony\." From the 1960’s to the 1980’s, the deinstitutionalization movement demanded that the mentally ill be treated in the community, using new drug therapies that appeared to control even the most extreme behaviors of the mentally ill.   This liberation of psychiatric patients was reinforced by court decisions that awarded certain legal rights to the emotionally ill.   But few community-based programs were developed to treat psychiatric patients effectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental illness and prison or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Released to the community without adequate support and treatment services, the mentally ill gravitated to criminal confinement facilities for offenders, particularly the jail but also to the prisons of the United States. It is estimated that about 15 percent of offenders imprisoned at any time have severe or acute mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, manic-depression illness, and depression.   Approximately 10 to 15 percent of persons with these three illnesses die by suicide.   Yet current treatment is extremely effective, if given.   Prisoners tend to be in poor mental health and about 80 percent of male prisoners and 80 percent of female jail inmates will, over their lifetime, have at least one psychiatric disorder. The greater the level of disability while in prison, the more likely the inmate is to receive mental health services.   In practice, proportionately more female prisoners use mental health services than do males, and whites are more likely to seek or secure prison mental health services than others.   At least half of the inmates who need such treatment go without it (Sigurdson, 2001). While the U.S. Supreme Court has not found that inmates have a constitutional right to treatment, it has ruled an inmate’s constitutional right to medical treatment includes the right to treatment for serious emotional illness.   The correction system is caught in the middle.   Institutions are not required to provide services simply because their clients are criminals, and thus have shifted critical funds to other uses, such as increased security staffing.   The threat of potential litigation has meant that some revision and provisions of mental health services for seriously ill inmates is necessary. As the mentally ill become a larger segment of the population in jails and prisons, professionals in the mental health field became essential to the correctional administrators.   The ratio of mental health practitioners to inmates remains much too low, there has been some progress.   Because many institutions must deal with mental health issues on a priority basis, few to no services are provided for the majority who do not exhibit violent or bizarre behavior.   It is a practical fact that in corrections â€Å"the squeaky wheel gets the grease† (Steadman, 1991). For some inmates, the impacts of prison life overwhelm their usual coping patterns.   Some factors that lead to prison psychosis include the routine of prison, fear of other inmates, forced homosexual behavior, assault and fear of assault, deteriorating in affairs and circumstances of family on the outside of prison and depression.   When the psychological crisis comes, correctional administrators frequently transfer affected inmates to prison infirmaries or psychological treatment words, or initiate inmate transfer to a mental health system. Long-term and intensive psychotherapy for mentally ill inmates is believed to be rare.   Treatment for episodic mental crisis tends to remain at the first aid level in many states.   Death rows do not usually contain a large proportion of a prison’s population but subsume a disproportionate share of the per inmate cost due to the demands of observing, caring, and maintaining death row.   That includes a lower staff-inmate ratio, mail processing, death-watch officer workload, closer custody during recreational periods and so on.   Some inmates on death row become mentally ill and as such cannot be executed (Ford v. Wainright, 106 S. Ct. 2595, 1986). The state has an additional burden of determining if the death-row inmate is insane, establishing some procedure to restore the inmate to sanity, and then certifying the sanity of the patient-inmate.   Because this would be tantamount to a death sentence and not a favor for the inmate, it is unlikely mental health physicians would undertake that process alone or with any great enthusiasm.   It remains for the states to develop procedures for identifying, diagnosing, treating, and certifying the sanity of death row inmates who claim to be insane (Steadman Monahan, 1984). For the extreme behavior cases, there are special units for more intensive treatment, such as the one in Washington State.   That unit is a model of how to deal with extreme mentally and behaviorally disordered prisoners.   Unfortunately, that facility can handle only 144 inmates.   The figure is only about one-tenth of the commonly recognized population of inmates who could use more intensive mental health services.   One quickly finds that only the really severe cases are able to be referred to the Special Offender Center. It appears that the relationship between crime and mental disorder has no real cause effect.   It is essential for society to learn more about distinguishing between different kinds of mental illness and their impacts on safe and secure administration of correctional institutions.   It is important to remember that the real link to look for is one that indicates the potential for harm to the mentally ill person and others.   It may be a long time before such options are available to the already overcrowded corrections system in the United States (Wessely Taylor, 1991). There are two justifications that defendants can invoke in an attempt to relieve themselves of criminal responsibility for a criminal act.   The first is not guilty by reason of insanity and the second is incompetent to stand trial.   In the first instance, offenders do not deny the commission of the act, but assert they lacked the capacity to understand the nature of the act or that it was wrong. The second instance is based on the common law criterion that defendants must be able to understand the charges against them to cooperate with their counsel in the preparation of their own defense.   The procedures for determining competency vary considerably among jurisdictions, but most make it a court decision based on psychiatric testimony. You read "Mental illness and prison" in category "Essay examples"   If defendants are found incompetent to stand trial, then they are usually committed to a mental institution until declared competent (Hans, 1986). Psychiatric judgment of mental abnormality enters into the criminal law in three ways.   Aside from fitness to stand trial and criminal responsibility, if an individual is convicted, psychiatry is often consulted in designing a custodial or treatment program for him or her. One problem in the use of psychiatry in the legal system is that there are vast and irreconcilable differences in the legal standards; fairness is achieved by responding to a specific act with a specific type of reaction while ignoring a mass of details about the accused. On the other hand, in the mental health approach of psychiatry the whole personality of the accused is relevant in determining the state’s response to criminal behavior.   Psychiatry is an applied science, but legal practice makes no such claim.   Clearly, as long as a judge and jury have such important roles in the court process, convicted criminals cannot be treated primarily according to scientific standards.   While it is customary for a judge and jury to participate in the legal process, we would find their dealing with matters of mental health bizarre and while the legal process is typically open to scrutiny by all people affected, the procedures of psychiatry are almost never made public.   The types of accountability of the legal and mental health systems are quite different. If a court correctly describes the facts of a case and chooses the correct legal response to these facts, the court is never held accountable for any negative consequences flowing from its actions, such as the suicide of a convicted offender.   What ultimately happens to the convicted offender or whether the offender’s family must go on welfare is not the court’s concern.   The judge is not bound to such utilitarian considerations.   However the judge is bound by law to a specific range of responses.   Psychiatry, on the other hand, is responsible for how its decisions affect the individual in the future (Galliher, 1989). With the advent of legal insanity and legal incompetence as defenses against criminal conviction caused the development of special asylums for the criminally insane, in most cases just another form of prison without due process protections.   In more recent years those claiming to be not guilty by reason of insanity have been the subjects of considerable debate.   President Nixon sought to have the not guilty by reason of insanity defense abolished.   More informed criminologists point to such problems with the insanity defense as excessive media coverage, suspicion of malingering by the defendant, and conflicting and suspicious testimony by mental health professionals testifying for either the defense or the prosecution. The insanity defense is used in less than 1 percent of all felony cases and of those only one in four are found to be not guilty by reason of insanity.   One study found only the most emotionally and behaviorally disturbed defendants to be successful in their plea and that the successful petitioners had committed more serious offenses.   The decision to acquit is more frequently made in court b y prosecutors, defense attorneys, and the judge, and less frequently by jury members.   Persons acquitted by the not guilty by reason of insanity are generally found less likely than their cohort offenders to commit crimes after release (Hans, 1986). Prosecutors often hope that those accused offenders acquitted through the plea of not guilty by reason of insanity will be institutionalized for a period sufficient to reduce their dangerousness, and to provide both public and safety and some retribution.   The debate continues.   Perhaps the most reasonable solution would be to determine guilt first and then sift the issue of diminished capacity or insanity in that case to the sentencing or case disposition state.   The American Psychiatric Association, following the attack by John Hinckley on the life of President Reagan, recognized that position. As a response, by 1986, twelve states abolished the insanity defense entirely then created guilty by mentally ill statutes in its place.   Under those statues, an offender’s mental illness is acknowledged but not seen as sufficient reason to allow him or her to escape criminal responsibility.   If convicted, offenders are committed to prison.   Some states will provide mental health treatment in the prison setting, but others may transfer the offender to a mental health facility for treatment.   In Georgia, defendants who entered insanity pleas but were determined guilty by mental illness received harsher sentences than their counterparts, whose guilt was determined in trial suggesting increased punishment for the disturbed offender (Callahan, McGreevy Cirincione, 1992). Persons with mental disability, such as mentally disturbed or disorders, were once scorned, banished, and even burned as evil.   But in more enlightened times we have built backwoods fortresses for them to protect ourselves from contagion.   They have been executed as witches, subjected to exorcism, chained or thrown into gatehouses and prisons to furnish a horrible diversion for the other prisoners.   Before the Middle Ages persons with a mental illness were generally tolerated and usually cared for locally by members of their own family, tribal system, or primitive society. However widespread poverty, disease, and religious fanaticism seemed to trigger intolerance for any unexplainable deviation from the norm.   The mentally disturbed were thought to be possessed by devils and demons and were punished harshly because of it.   The first insane asylum was constructed in Europe in 1408.   From that date until recently the asylum was a dumping ground for all the mentally disordered people that could be neither understood nor cured. In the United States, one after another of the individual states responded to that compelling method of ridding society of misfits, and built numerous institutions during the mid 1800’s.   The inflated claims of cures for mental illness could not stand up against the process of institutionalization and long-term commitments sometimes for a lifetime and not cures became the rules of the day (Ives, 1914). Asylums became yet another invisible empire in America with the punitive excess and lack of care or caring ignored by society. â€Å"Out of sight, out of mind† was the catch phrase of these unfortunates.   With the discovery of tranquilizing drugs, these places became a place where patients were put into a controllable stupor, until a cure could be found.   Because of longer and longer periods of institutionalization usually by family members finally got the attention of the courts. In the 1960’s the rights of all citizens, including the mentally ill and convicts, were being re-examined at every level. The abuses in the back wards of the asylums were brought to light and the counter-reaction was extreme.   In the early 1970’s, state after state adopted policies under the Community Mental Health Act that swept the country.   The essential goal was to release all inmates of the asylums who were not a clear and present danger to themselves and society.   This act flooded the central cities of America with tens of thousands of mentally impaired street people and created poorhouses.   The response by most jurisdictions has been to transfer the problem to the criminal justice system, filling the jails and correctional institutions of America, a process known as transintitutionalization (Arrigo, 2002). There appears to be some confusion between physical disease and mental disease.   Because physicians have made great strides in gaining knowledge about physical disease, it is assumed by some people that this is also true of physicians’ knowledge about mental disease.   That is the tendency is to apply the same standards of competence to both areas of practice, even though this is hardly warranted. The distinction between crime and mental illness is unclear.   Some of the writers assume that nearly all criminal behavior is a manifestation of mental disease.   It seems that the reason for both of these ambiguities is that we really do not know what mental illness is, and that is the reason we cannot distinguish between mental illness and physical illness on the one hand and mental illness and crime on the other.   It is unfortunate that the long indeterminate sentences often given to mentally disordered offenders reflect a fear that those committed might be a problem in the future. It is the expectation that someone is capable of predicting criminal inclination that makes so questionable the programs for treating the mentally disordered.   So, one can see the paradox of requiring psychiatrists to predict behavior and to attach a label to offenders, when that might result in an indefinite or even lifelong commitment to a mental institution for someone who is not really dangerous, such as a false-positive prediction.   The individual is then labeled for custody and treatment in a special area within that institution.   When you consider the wealth of folklore surrounding mental institutions, it becomes clear that a dreadful lifelong stigma accompanies the label of criminally insane.   While the public remains upset by the gaping loophole in the net of justice, the courts continue to seek out equitable ways to deal with the offender who has diminished mental capacity. Reference: Arrigo, B. (2002). â€Å"Transcarceration: A Costructive Ethnology of Mentally-Ill    Offenders†.   Prison Journal 81(2), 162-186. Callahan, L., McGreevy, M., Cirincione, C. (1992).   â€Å"Measuring the Effects of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict: Georgia’s 1982 GBMI Reform†.   Law and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human Behavior 16(4), 447-462. Galliher, J. (1989).   Criminology: Human Rights, Criminal Law, and Crime.   N.J.:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prentice Hall. Hans, V. (1986).   â€Å"An analysis of Public Attitudes toward the Insanity Defense†.   Criminology 24(3), 393-413. Ives, G. (1914). A History of Penal Methods.   London: S. Paul. Sigurdson, C. (2001).   â€Å"The Mad, The Bad and The Abandoned: The mentally Ill in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prisons and Jails†.   Corrections Today 62(7), 162-186. Steadman, H. (1991).   â€Å"Estimating Mental Health Needs and Service Utilization Among   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prison Inmates.†Ã‚   Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law    19(3), 297-307. Steadman, H. J. Monahan, J. (1984).   Crime and Mental Disorder.   Washington, D.C.:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   U.S. Department of Justice. Wessely, S., Taylor, P.J. (1991). â€Å"Madness and Crime: Criminology versus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychiatry†.   Criminal Justice How to cite Mental illness and prison, Essay examples

Poverty On The Rise Essay Example For Students

Poverty On The Rise Essay There is a very wide range of income for individuals and families. This is why wehave people that are very wealthy which are referred to as the upper class and there is themiddle class that makes an average income, and the bottom of the income bracket lies thepeople in poverty. Poverty is a condition in which a person or family does not have themeans to satisfy basic needs for food, clothing, shelter, and transportation. Your racedoes not matter, every race has people that are in poverty. But as it is statistically shown,different races have a different number of people in poverty. In 1996, the federalgovernment established a minimum income level below which a person or family isdeclared in poverty. If a single person makes less than $7,995 then they are living inpoverty, and a family has to exceed $16,036 or are also in poverty. From 1996 to 1997 the poverty rate has decreased by .4% In 1996, there was36.5 million people at the poverty level and in 1997 the number of people in povertydecreased to 35.6 million people. Since a decade ago the poverty level has increased from32.4 million people to as high as 39.3 million in 1993, but since 1993 the number ofpeople living in poverty has decreased to 35.6 million people. The percent of the population a decade ago below the poverty was 13.1%, whichhas increases up to 15.1% but here recently the poverty rate is back down to 13.3%Gentry-2 Since the previous year the poverty rate was lower by .4% for the generalpopulation. The poverty rate of children under the age of eighteen has also decreased by.6%. The black poverty rate decreased the most from 28.4% to 26.5%. The Asians and Pacific Islanders had a decrease in their poverty rate by .5%. The whites had the smallestdecrease out of all races because they decreased only by .2%. There are many differentfactors that contribute to the decreasing of the poverty rates, from the decrease of theunemployment to the decrease in government income maintenance programs. A lot of the poverty population is made up of income-maintenance programs. Iwould like to talk about few of the programs that the government offers for people inpoverty. Social insurance programs is the first. There are many different types to thesocial insurance program. The first two are OASDHI and Medicare. OASDHI is alsoknown as social security, which replaces wages lost after retirement. Medicare provideshospital insurance for the elderly and disabled. The third type is unemploymentcompensation which allows workers that are unemployed for a while to collect thirty-fivepercent of their lost wages. The second program is Pubic Assistance. The first type isSupplemental Security Income(SSI) this program allows disabled people to receive aminimum income. Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) and Medicaid usuallyare linked together. Medicaid will pay for hospital bills. AFDC provides certain familieswith children financial support. Medicaid is also offered to SSI recipiances. T he foodstamp program is the last type. It provides Americans with coupons that can be used forfood. The government spends about 736 billion of its dollars on these different types ofprograms. Gentry-3The government provides people in poverty that are in the public assistanceprograms with three different plans. They are supposed to help able-bodied, nonretiredindividuals get out of poverty. The three different plans have many different conflicts. Some of the conflicts are that the government is paying too much money out to thepeople, which means they will be dependent on the government for their income instead ofworking for it. Another conflict is that it is very costly to the government to keep payingfor able-bodied workers. These conflicts are what stir up many different welfare reforms. All fifty states have income-maintenance programs, but the qualifications and rulevary from state to state. In each state, they calculate their poverty rates. The number ofstates that had an increase in poverty rate, in 1995 to 1997 was twenty-two states. Theother twenty-eight states had a decrease in poverty rate. From 1996 to 1997 there werethree states: Alabama, Mississippi, and South Carolina that had a poverty decrease whiletwo states Arkansas and New Hampshire showed increases in their poverty rate. To answer the question, is poverty on the rise? The answer is no. Poverty for thetime being is declining. There are more and more people giving better jobs or getting offpublic assistance programs. In my own opinion, poverty is decreasing because people arerealizing that public assistance programs are getting tougher and tougher to receivebenefits and they wont be around for ever. Today, it may have finally made it through topeople that the value of a higher education is pretty much a necessity to succeed. Economics

Action of Barbituates Essays

Action of Barbituates Essays Action of Barbituates Essay Action of Barbituates Essay Homework Assignment Chapter 4 Addiction Studies (BHHS) Sherman Howard 1. Describe, the action of Barbiturates. They reduce sensory sensitivity to pleasure or pain. Replace’s the need for sex, food and emotional involvement. 2. Describe the action of benzodiazepines and their withdrawal symptoms. Benzodiazepines are minor tranquilizers; they cause dopamine levels to surge producing a pleasurable sensation. Withdrawal involves seizures, convulsions, and even death. 3. What is the biggest danger with drug synergism when using two depressant drugs? Overdose! 4. What is a paradoxical reaction to tranquilizers? Becoming more active instead of calmer. 5. Why is withdrawal so life threatening for alcohol and the barbiturates? Both can lead to Seizures and death. 6. Who is the hidden addict? An unborn Fetus can be, if the mother is an addict. ______________________________________________________________________________ Part Two: 1. What is the approximate percentage of alcohol in beer? Wine? Whiskey? Beer5% Wine15% Whiskey45% 2. What does BAC stand for? Blood Alcohol Concentration. 3. Describe the processing of alcohol from digestion to absorption. 0% is absorbed by the stomach the remaining 80% is absorbed in the small intestines. 4. What is alcohol effect on digestion and liver? Alcohol can stop digestion and increase hydrochloric acid production. Alcohol also causes a drop in blood sugar which can lead to a hypoglycemic state. 5. Name some factors that often predict alcoholism? Poor learning ability, poor judgment, short-term memory is aff ected. 6. After frequent high dose use†¦ which is more dangerous: immediate alcohol withdrawal or immediate heroin withdrawal? Alcohol is more immediate. Sherman Howard

Free Essays on Ethan Frome Essay

Ethan Frome, a novel written by Edith Wharton, portrays how a limited imagination can affect a person’s happiness. Ethan, a man in his fifties, is a poor farmer outside of Starkfield. He is married to Zeena and also lives with one of her younger cousins, Mattie. When Ethan becomes afraid of being alone in the world, he marries Zeena because she is conveniently available. As time passes, Zeena becomes ill by using her imagination to come up with a variety of physical illnesses to deal with her unhappiness. Ethan’s love for Mattie increases when he spends time with her, because she gives him joy and allows him to forget about the present hardships of life. They both love each other, yet lack the ability to take control and only see one way out of their dilemma, which is to commit suicide. Although many people actually use their inner resources to deal with various hardships of life, Wharton conveys how a limited imagination can limit the extent of one’s happiness. Ethan Frome is an older man who lives on a farm outside of Starkfield. Before he can escape the constraints of farming, Ethan’s parents become ill and are taken care of by Ethan’s older cousin, Zeena. At this point Ethan becomes a victim of circumstance because he is afraid of being left alone. As a result, he marries Zeena to prevent being left lonesome in the world. When Zeena’s young cousin Mattie comes to live at the farm, Ethan develops a strong attachment to her, but does not take any action. Ethan is portrayed as a man of misfortune from the start because he has an unhappy marriage. He is seen as a man of feeling and desire rather than action. Ethan understands his present situation; however, he does not use his inner resources to go further and take control. Wharton portrays Ethan as a helpless person who does not try to help himself because he is limited in his thinking. This limitation limits his ability to find happiness as well. Zeena Frome is depicte... Free Essays on Ethan Frome Essay Free Essays on Ethan Frome Essay Ethan Frome, a novel written by Edith Wharton, portrays how a limited imagination can affect a person’s happiness. Ethan, a man in his fifties, is a poor farmer outside of Starkfield. He is married to Zeena and also lives with one of her younger cousins, Mattie. When Ethan becomes afraid of being alone in the world, he marries Zeena because she is conveniently available. As time passes, Zeena becomes ill by using her imagination to come up with a variety of physical illnesses to deal with her unhappiness. Ethan’s love for Mattie increases when he spends time with her, because she gives him joy and allows him to forget about the present hardships of life. They both love each other, yet lack the ability to take control and only see one way out of their dilemma, which is to commit suicide. Although many people actually use their inner resources to deal with various hardships of life, Wharton conveys how a limited imagination can limit the extent of one’s happiness. Ethan Frome is an older man who lives on a farm outside of Starkfield. Before he can escape the constraints of farming, Ethan’s parents become ill and are taken care of by Ethan’s older cousin, Zeena. At this point Ethan becomes a victim of circumstance because he is afraid of being left alone. As a result, he marries Zeena to prevent being left lonesome in the world. When Zeena’s young cousin Mattie comes to live at the farm, Ethan develops a strong attachment to her, but does not take any action. Ethan is portrayed as a man of misfortune from the start because he has an unhappy marriage. He is seen as a man of feeling and desire rather than action. Ethan understands his present situation; however, he does not use his inner resources to go further and take control. Wharton portrays Ethan as a helpless person who does not try to help himself because he is limited in his thinking. This limitation limits his ability to find happiness as well. Zeena Frome is depicte...

Workplace Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workplace Issues - Essay Example One of the more typical elements that lead to gender workforce diversity problems is the manner in which the company or firm views the independent skills and abilities of their workers, or the existence of bias and stereotyping in other people's behavior. For example, in corporate governance issues, the manner in which the company or firm views the responsibilities of males and females can inhibit or deny workers to particular occupations (Riccucci, 2002). The traits and attitudes of both males and females are also not the same from each other and can be identified as a major cause of gendered workplace problems. According to Smith (2003), males in the workplace are normally identified by dominant traits, which are the reasons why they are not lacking in self-belief, brute force, coercion, freedom, the will to win and the motivation to succeed. These traits of males enable them to utilize an aggressive managerial mechanism, which is helpful in persuading other people and enhancing the special capabilities of the workers. Meanwhile, females in the workplace possess serene traits that stand for love, respect, compassion and understanding. Females with serene traits normally talk with hesitation, manage a simple lifestyle and provide help to her co-workers (Lieberman, 2003). As these traits are not really significant components as to the manner that managers and presidents of organizations are typically viewed, females are not the immedi ate preferences for top level jobs in the firm. Males meanwhile assume their top positions as company managers and CEOs. d. What personality traits are beneficial and/or detrimental in your workplace In my workplace, males and females perform most of the time of acts as the foundation concerning how other individuals perceive them as potential CEOs of organizations. The interactive capacities for instance, which is an integral element of an excellent manager, are not the same among males and females in my workplace. As the interactive mechanisms of males are seen to be perfect for leadership positions, men in my workplace normally are always on the top candidates for highly coveted leadership jobs. e. Who is responsible for fostering motivation in the workplace Despite the various dilemmas concerning cultural workforce diversity, research studies prove that this is an essential factor of an excellent firm as well as gives positive points. According to Arredondo (1996), the hiring of an extremely diverse workforce with regards to race and ethnicity can be very helpful as it gives the company a greater roster of highly qualified individuals. This also improves the chances of the company to recruit workers that are capable enough for particular organizational deficits and necessities. In most organizational functions, workforce diversity can also support in providing a variety of helpful concepts that are critical in making informed choices. Therefore gendered workforce diversity widens the organization's views and improves its choices for establishing selections.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

History - Essay Example This is one of those moments that redefined the status of the country as one of the biggest economic powerhouses of the world. It also brought into existence, a large number of fiscal and monetary policies that have been a guiding light for the other economies. During the period of 1920’s, there was a period of great turbulence as the growth among the various sectors was uneven. The period was marked by fall of the farm prices, whereas the industrial profits grew. There was an inflated stock market, which led to the Great depression of 1929. The unemployment increased from three percent in the year of 1929, to almost twenty five percent by 1925. The production fell by one third. These led to large scale reforms in the American economy in the form of a lot of new path breaking laws (the social security Act, Works progress Administration Act, The emergency Banking Act and the Economy Act) (Bordo et al, 1998). World War II The World War II was one of the most defining moments in the history of the United States. Categorically, America had always tried to stay away from the war and had tendered its ideological support to the allies. The main contribution of the US to the war was resources, men, money, and ammunition. That actually triggered to the rise in the GDP.

Documentary Cinema Response Journals Movie Review

Documentary Cinema Response Journals - Movie Review Example Glass (1958) was a short documentary film of the Netherlands, which was directed by Bert Haanstra who was a Dutch director.The main plot of the film surrounded the glass industry of Netherlands. The film was allowed its viewers to reciprocate with handmade crystals of Dutch society, in contrary to the machine made a portion of Royal Leerdam Glass Factory with automated machines that facilitated bottle making. Haanstra’s strong stylistic interventions depicted the film through a polemical space. He has used essential origins of film language, which includes the image, sounds, and montage. My point of view regarding the documentary was largely focused on a diversified range of music jazz to techno. In the short segment of time in this documentary, artisans created various glass goods by their own hands and added up to the mass production of diversified glass product of Netherlands. According to the viewers, this short documentary film often acclaimed to be a perfect short docume ntary that successfully spun around the subject and aligned the overall basic plot of the movie. The House is Black (1962) was an Iranian short documentary film, directed by Forough Farrokhzad. The film reflected on the other side of life and suffering in a leper colony as well as focused on the human condition in reflection to the beauty of creation that has been depicted in the documentary. The director Farrokhzad, used some quotation from the Old Testament, as well as Quran along with her own poetry. This poetic feel gave this film a versatile dimension that was absent in the other similar types of documentary films. The artistic views of the poet also reflected from the unique selection of the name of the film that was aligned with the needs of the subject. The documentary based on the story of the â€Å"Behkadeh Rail colony†. The director has directed only one film throughout her life. Additionally, this particular film has been successful in developing an attention outside Iran, after its release, the film was successfully recognized as a milestone of Iranian film Industry. Many of

Styles of leadership and their effects on motivation

Styles of leadership and their effects on motivation Leadership style could influence the different level of motivation. However, throughout a lifetime, changing ambitions and leadership style influences a persons motivation. Leader does not always go first but a clearly definition would figure out of an idea of the one who will lead, ie. Who is the leader? It is very difficult to separate out theories and concepts of Leadership and Motivation. The leader has to know how to motivate people and must look for ways to do this so as to maintain their role as a good leader. There are many theories of motivation and the leader could choose their own style of leadership in order to give the best result. Motivation The term motivation theory is concerned with the operation that describes why and how human behavior is activated and directed. It is regarded as one of the most important areas of study in the field of organizational behavior. There are four writers who consider the functions performed by management, it enables us to define management and explore how thinking has changed through time. Frederick Taylor (1856 1917), he considered money to be the main motivator for workers therefore scientifically investigate how jobs are done through work study .By using piece rates to pay the workers and this kind of method was widely adopted as businesses saw the advantages of raising productivity levels and lower unit costs. The problems of using this scientific management are that it will have lack of skills required leading to loss of skills in the workforce and also power for the workers. As the duty is the same and the workers might start to found it is boring which will lead to a lower morale amongst the workforce. In addition, Taylor did not treat workers as people and he stated that money was highly important to them as many of them virtually lived on the breadline. Elton Mayo (1880 1949) believed that workers are not just concerned with money but could have been better motivated by their social needs whilst at work. He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which focused on managers taking more of interest in the workers, treating them as people who have worthwhile judgment and realizing that worker are enjoy interacting together. He set out an experiment to investigate how changing light and working conditions would affect productivity. At the end of the experiment, his results proved that greater communications and improved the relations could lead to an increased of productivity. It has also stated that social needs in the workplace must be recognized and the communication is vital and understanding of the informal needs of the workers. Abraham Maslow (1908 1970) was a psychologist and he is tribute to motivation and management thinking was through the Hierarchy of Needs He suggests that we all have different needs but some needs are fairly central to us. The top of hierarchy of needs is Self Actualization and this means that the ability is to fulfill ones potential. The second place would be Self esteem Self respect and the third place is social needs (belonging). The fourth one in the hierarchy is Safety and Security (secure job) and the last one is Physiological (food water, shelter, etc) Maslow believed that as you began to satisfy one set of needs you would start to have higher needs and satisfying that level of need became your motivator. All the needs are structured into a hierarchy and once a lower level of need has been fully met, a worker would be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy to be satisfied. A business should therefore offer different incentives to workers in order to help them fulfill each need in turn and progressing up the hierarchy. Managers should also recognize that workers are not all motivated in the same way and does not all move up the hierarchy at the same time. They may therefore have to offer a slightly different set of rewards from worker to worker. Frederick Herzberg (1923-2000) argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce which would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators). However there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygiene factors). Motivators factor includes sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility and intrinsic rewards. Besides, Hygiene factor includes the company policy, supervision and working conditions. Therefore, motivators are to do with the job and Hygiene factors surround the job. Herzberg has also come up with a policy called job enrichment which making the job better, allowing workers to use their skills and abilities and also to plan and make decisions over their work. Job enrichment also included bringing variety into jobs through job rotation and job enlargement. Those that are critical of Herzberg felt it was just a way of making people do more in the cooperation. Tesco was voted Employer of the Year because its solutions were seen to be more holistic. To assure that they have this and keep maintain it, Tesco have invested  £12m this year in all training schemes which are pure Herzberg motivators. For example: They have open more lines of communication between managers and staff and a scheme whereby directors and senior managers spend a week on the shop floor listening ideas and suggestions from customers and staff. When goals are eventually accomplished or milestones are reached, many people like to be able to get a reward or benefit. Some goals create by personal satisfaction upon completion naturally such as learning, growth, and self-esteem. Additional rewards such as salary increases, bonuses, and celebrations are also good reminders that individual are delighted of what they are doing. Rewards work so well as the motivating tools that worker will goes out their way to make sure they use it and develop these kinds of things that they are rewarded. The work atmosphere in general has a lot to do with employee motivation. Typically managers that treat employees in a friendly manner are adopting to get more of a positive comment. You want to work at a company with individuals that enjoy their work and like their surroundings. Employees will compare themselves to others to make sure they are being treated in a way that they perceive as fair. If an employee thinks that they are not being treated fairly, they will have a lack of motivation to work hard. Everyone likes to have a little independence and to be useful while they are working. Certain control is always needed, but flexibility is appreciated. Employees and coworkers are also happy when they feel like they are fit it in a group and are able to be themselves. This would goes back to the basis needs that human strive to fulfill. Leadership In order to be a leader, it is important to understand what motivates the employees around you. It is necessary to discover the fundamental needs that employees, coworkers, and bosses have. All people have a need for a basic income and necessities. Additionally, they need a deep social connection and friendships. People want to fit in somewhere and feel as if they belong. Another large category of human need is the need for growth and challenges. A worker would get attract to a job by high salary and may find their job dissatisfying if they are unable to have friendships and connect with other people at work. It is much easier to lead and motivate if you understand what peoples undeniable needs are. Autocratic leadership style is the one in which the manager retains as much power and decision-making authority as possible. Employees are expected to obey orders without receiving any explanations. This motivation environment is produced by creating a structured set of rewards and punishments. This leadership style has been greatly criticized during the past 30 years. Some studies stated that organizations with many autocratic leaders would have higher turnover and absenteeism than other organizations. Autocratic leaders always rely on the threats and punishment to influence employee, they do not trust employee and not allowing them to make their own decision. Yet, autocratic leadership is not all bad. Sometimes it is the most effective style to use when there is an effective supervision can be provided only through detailed orders and instructions, only limited time in which to make a decision, and the area was poorly managed. The autocratic leadership style should not be used when employees expect to have their opinions heard and when there is low employee morale, high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage. The democratic leadership style is to encourage employees to be a part of the decision making. The democratic manager keeps his or her employees informed about everything that would influence their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities. This style requires the manager to be a leader who has the final decision, but will gathers information from staff members before making the decision. Democratic leadership can always produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time. Many employees like the trust that they receive and respond with cooperation, team spirit, and high morale. To be a democratic leader, it needs to have a develop plans to help employees evaluate their own performance, allow employees to establish goals and encourages employees to grow on the job and be promoted. However, democratic style is not always suitable to all organization. In order to have the most effective is when used with highly skilled or experienced employees or when implementing operational changes or resolving individual or group problems. This leadership style could be used when the leader wants employees to share their decision-making and problem-solving duties. Also, the leader might wants to provide some opportunities for employees to develop a high sense of personal growth and job satisfaction which would increase their morale at work. Yet democratic leadership should not be used when there is not enough time to get everyones input and sometimes it is easier and cost-effective for the manager to make the final decision. The laissez-faire leadership style is also known as the hands-off ¨ style. It is the one in which the manager provides little or no direction and gives employees as much freedom as possible. All authority or power is given to the workers and they must make decisions, determine goals, and resolve problems on their own. This is an effective style to use when employees have self-esteem in their work and it leads to a successfully done on their own. Furthermore, this leadership style should not be used when the manager cannot provide constant feedback to let employees know how successful they have done and also should not be used when the manager does not understand his or her responsibilities and is hoping the employees can cover for him or her. Bureaucratic leadership is where the manager manages by the book ¨ everything must be done according to procedure or policy. If it isnt covered by the book, the manager refers to the next level above him or her. This manager is more of a police officer than an employees leader. He or she executes the rules. This style will only be the most effective when employees need to understand certain policy or procedures, and when they are working with dangerous or fragile equipment that requires a definite set of procedures in order to get it operate. However, it is possibly to have a negative effect when employees lose their interest in their jobs and employees do only what is expected of them and no more after they done the duty. Being a staff member for Tesco is not about just getting good wages but offering great opportunities to retain the employees motivate. Tesco give free shares to everyone whos worked with the company for one year and these Tesco shares are held in trust for five years, and after that you can take them. Development programs specifically designed to help employees to gain the experience and skills that they need to move on to the next Tesco challenge. It aims to develop a combination of leadership, and operating skills through the job experiences and a clear process that is designed to provide clear comments. Motivation and leadership Leadership and motivational qualities are excellent to have not only amid management in a business, but among employees as well. Many individuals tend to have a propensity to be leaders, while some learn successful leadership behaviors and go on to be effective leaders. Leading is the ability to influence others in a group. Being a good leader, it got to takes a good understanding of what motivates others. Leaders want to influence things to continue or create some changes. Either way it will takes a person with certain skills to do the work. In my opinion, it is extremely important for a leader to recognize and understand the motivational process.   This process is what inspires followers into desired actions.   Without motivation followers would presumably not act and they would have no reason to act.   Maslow in Kolb, Osland, Rubin Book (2001) discusses several common motivating factors.   Some people are motivated by achievement and some by a need for power.   If a follower is motivated by achievement needs such as the need for endorsement, then rewarding this follower with power might not be very effective.  Maslow in Ott (1996) discusses that mans requirements is to meet needs in a hierarchical order.   Physiological needs are first, then safety needs, followed by ego needs, growth needs and, finally by self actualization needs.   Therefore, individual motivation comes from a wide variety of factors.   If the leader does not recognize the motivational needs of followers, the leader may be ineffect ive.  Ã‚   An overly controlling style de-motivates and could results in poor delivery. Although intended to boost the performance level, but this style is perceived as lacking trust. Eventually individuals will lose their motivation to make decisions at one point, which leaders see as proof of poor performance and so the cycle is reinforced. Alternatively, leaders can treat individuals as good performers and use a more motivational style allowing greater deliberation. Praising outputs, asking opinions and giving interesting assignments, for example, in turn reinforce a motivational cycle. People are motivated when they feel they are at the centre of things rather than outside and so leaders are told to be participative, not directive. As a rule, experienced team members need less direction and in our energetic, networked organizations, and individuals must be self-manageable. The aim of this is to motivate people to become self-directing business participants. Conclusion Both leadership styles have their advantages and disadvantages for the organization as a whole. On one hand, democratic decisions may benefit the work morale of team members and have a positive effect on the climate within a hierarchical organization. On the other hand, democratic decisions may result in ignoring more efficient but less socially accepted options and have a negative influence on the team results. Sometimes autocratic decisions may undermine work morale. However, by making an unpopular decision, leaders might be able to reach team goals in the most efficient way which benefits both leaders themselves as well as their subordinates. In our experiment, we find that autocratic and democratic decisions appear to be equally profitable for both teams as a whole. Nevertheless, while leaders receive essentially the same payoff from autocratic and democratic decisions, ordinary players earn much more money from democratic style rather than from autocratic leadership decisions. Increasingly however, development programs and leadership training courses are putting motivation centre-stage. We are all motivated by the people surround us and motivation is increasingly important in these uncertain times to help people perform at their maximum level. Motivation theories, considered old hat by many leaders, have been around for more than 40 years. Recently these theories have slid off the leadership agenda through the belief that people should be totally self-motivating. Furthermore, the ability to increase peoples motivation is not always used in the right way. Leadership should not be based on lies, trickery, or manipulation. When leading other individuals it is important that they are all getting a benefit out of their own actions and it is very important to be honest and treating others well at all times.

Death Penalty Essay: Barbaric Capital Punishment -- Argumentative Pers

Barbaric Capital Punishment      Ã‚   During the past three decades the issue of capital punishment has been very controversial inside the United States. During 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court decided in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty was unconstitutional because it was a form of "cruel and unusual punishment." However, this decision did not last long; in July 1975 the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment did not violate any parts of the Constitution. Executions as they had before 1972 resumed again. Since then 180 prisoners have been executed. The United States Supreme Court should abolish the death penalty because it is a form of "cruel and unusual punishment."    Under our current U.S. Constitution which has been around for over 200 years, prisoners of the government cannot be subjected to any kind of punishment which is deemed cruel and unusual. However all the forms of capital punishment that the government uses are questionable as to whether or not they are legal according to the Constitution. Forms of capital punishment that are still used in the United States include hanging, firing squad, electrocution, gas chamber, and lethal injection. With hangings a rope is attached to a persons neck proceeded with them being dropped from a certain height with the other end of the rope attached to something higher than them. The result is either strangulation which can take a while or complete decapitation. With the firing squad option a prisoner is tied to a chair and blinded. After this a firing squad composed most of the time of five individuals fires gun shots at a target attached to the prisoners chest (ACLU).    The most widely used form of execution has been electrocution. With this method of elect... ... obtain its goal. Because the death penalty fails its main objective and because of the reason stated above it should be abolished.    Works Cited American Civil Liberties Union. "Briefing Paper Number 8." gopher://gopher.pipeline.com:70/00/society/aclu/publications/papers/8. Associated Press. "PD Chiefs: Death Penalty Fails". news:death-penaltyURcb0_5FN@clarinet.com:Thu, 23 Feb 95 4:40:09 PST. Bedau, Hugo Adam. "The Case Against The Death Penalty". gopher://gopher.pipeline.com:70/00/society/aclu/issues/death/case_against. Blumstein, Alfred and Jacqueline Cohen. Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. National Academy of Sciences: Washington, D.C., 1978. Van den Haag, Ernest. Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question. Basic Books, Inc.: New York, 1975.    Death Penalty Essay: Barbaric Capital Punishment -- Argumentative Pers Barbaric Capital Punishment      Ã‚   During the past three decades the issue of capital punishment has been very controversial inside the United States. During 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court decided in Furman v. Georgia that the death penalty was unconstitutional because it was a form of "cruel and unusual punishment." However, this decision did not last long; in July 1975 the Supreme Court ruled that capital punishment did not violate any parts of the Constitution. Executions as they had before 1972 resumed again. Since then 180 prisoners have been executed. The United States Supreme Court should abolish the death penalty because it is a form of "cruel and unusual punishment."    Under our current U.S. Constitution which has been around for over 200 years, prisoners of the government cannot be subjected to any kind of punishment which is deemed cruel and unusual. However all the forms of capital punishment that the government uses are questionable as to whether or not they are legal according to the Constitution. Forms of capital punishment that are still used in the United States include hanging, firing squad, electrocution, gas chamber, and lethal injection. With hangings a rope is attached to a persons neck proceeded with them being dropped from a certain height with the other end of the rope attached to something higher than them. The result is either strangulation which can take a while or complete decapitation. With the firing squad option a prisoner is tied to a chair and blinded. After this a firing squad composed most of the time of five individuals fires gun shots at a target attached to the prisoners chest (ACLU).    The most widely used form of execution has been electrocution. With this method of elect... ... obtain its goal. Because the death penalty fails its main objective and because of the reason stated above it should be abolished.    Works Cited American Civil Liberties Union. "Briefing Paper Number 8." gopher://gopher.pipeline.com:70/00/society/aclu/publications/papers/8. Associated Press. "PD Chiefs: Death Penalty Fails". news:death-penaltyURcb0_5FN@clarinet.com:Thu, 23 Feb 95 4:40:09 PST. Bedau, Hugo Adam. "The Case Against The Death Penalty". gopher://gopher.pipeline.com:70/00/society/aclu/issues/death/case_against. Blumstein, Alfred and Jacqueline Cohen. Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates. National Academy of Sciences: Washington, D.C., 1978. Van den Haag, Ernest. Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question. Basic Books, Inc.: New York, 1975.   

A Tale of Four Learners Summary Essay

Bernice McCarthys’ essay, â€Å"A Tale of Four Learners,† is about her classifications of the different types of learners based on the system she created, THE 4MAT. The four types of learners are: Type 1 learners, Type 2 learners, Type 3 learners, and Type 4 learners. The names of the people she uses in the essay are Lisa, Marcus, Jimmy, and Leah. Linda was a highly imaginative student who favored feelings and reflecting. She was a Type 1 learner, who struggled with math but was great at writing poetry, until a college professor connected her poetry to statistics. Type 1 learners prefer to learn by talking, listening, and watching then responding. Type 1 learners work well in groups or teams, but dislike confusion and conflict. They experience difficulty in long explanations, and memorizing large amounts of information. Marcus was the analytic student who favored reflecting and thinking. Marcus was a Type 2 learner who found school as an absolute joy. Type 2 learners prefer to learn through lectures and objective explanations, and unlike Type 1 learners, Type 2 learners prefer to work alone. They are highly organized and experience difficulty learning in noisy, high-activity environments, and as well in talking about their feelings. Jimmy was a common-sense learner who favored thinking and doing. As a Type 3 Learner Jimmy was a great problem solver and was drawn to how things work. Type 3 learners prefer to learn through step-by-step procedures and experimentation. They experience difficulty when reading is the primary means of learning, and they too have difficulty expressing their feelings. Leah was a dynamic learner who favored creating and acting. Leah, as a Type 4 learner sustains learning by trial and error. They prefer learning through self-discovery, creative solutions to problems, and working independently. Type 4 learners experience difficulty with unquestionable routines, visual complexity, and time management. In conclusion, all the different types of learners have their own way of making learning easier for their own well-being. They all have their own struggles, and should not be frowned upon because of that but should be encouraged so they can grow.

Describe the Limitations and Constraints of Marketing Essays

Describe the Limitations and Constraints of Marketing Essays Describe the Limitations and Constraints of Marketing Essay Describe the Limitations and Constraints of Marketing Essay P2-describe the limitations and constraints of marketing Limitations and constraints include; Sales of Goods Act 1979 Trade Descriptions Act 1968 Consumer Credit Act 2006 Data Protection Act 1968 Voluntary constraints Direct Marketing Association (DMA) Pressure groups and consumerism Acceptable language Sales of goods act 1979 The sales of goods act needs sellers to trade goods that are as they advertised and described. The good or service has to be of satisfactory quality. Effectively meaning that for an organisation like micro-soft, the goods and services must be described precisely when promoted because the company needs to be able to prove that the product can do what they say. Trading Regulations 2008 This act enables clients to equal treatment from businesses they deal with. Within this act, businesses can’t use fear to sell their products. Businesses can’t lie to promote products for example ‘closing down sale’ when they are going to stay open after them sale. So blackberry can’t advertise their products with features that they don’t have. The latest Blackberry boasts the best resolution screen of its kind, which then had to be verified and researched by an independent organisation to see it the statement, was true. Consumer Credit Acts 2006 These acts apply to businesses that offer goods or services on credit or companies that lend money to consumers. To be in this category, businesses must be licensed by the Office of Fair Trading (OFT), this would handle and include the method of calculating APR and the form and content of the agreement. The consumer credit act 2002 defends consumer’s rights when they purchase things on credit. When lending money, companies much have interest rates clearly identified and these can’t be changing them after. The Data Protection 1968 This Act means that any information taken by a salespersons can only be used for the reasoned mentioned when taken , it has to be precise and up to date, it can’t be taken for a longer period of time than the time mentioned when it was taken , and can only be taken properly and lawfully. It must be kept up to date because if someone dies it is put on the up date. Furthermore your information is protected from unauthorised use, and cannot be given on to other companies without your permission. Voluntary codes This is when businesses volunteers that they will never do something or they will always do something. This might include signing a code of practice mentioning specific behaviours and rules ethically, even though it can’t be legally enforced.

Summery PHIL Example

Summery PHIL Example Summery PHIL – Book Report/Review Example Summery PHIL Sartre in his article â€Å"Existentialism and Human Emotions† defends existentialism by stating that many people complain about existentialism as they misunderstand the philosophy as too much pessimistic and gloomy. Sartre categorises existentialists into Christian and atheistic existentialists and he considers himself as an atheistic existentialist; he believes that essence precedes existence and exhorts that â€Å"there is no human nature, since there is no God to conceive it† (p.15). Sartre stresses that it is one’s will and conscious decision that makes him human; one should understand what he is and should be responsible for his own individuality. Existentialism also stresses on the element of subjectivity and individual responsibility; the choices and actions of one man can affect all men and as a result one’s responsibility deepens as it involves all mankind. Thus every man is supposed to be exemplary in his actions and this sense of d eep responsibility can create a sort of existential anguish in man’s mind. Sartre argues that this anguish should lead to prompt actions rather than making one inactive. Sartre is of the opinion that a man leaves nothing in this world rather than what he does; thus, for him â€Å"reality alone is what counts† and man’s hopes, dreams and expectations are nothing (p. 33). Sartre purports that existentialism is not a philosophy that promotes quietism, pessimism or inaction; rather it is a philosophy of life that promotes action and optimism. Existentialism holds that â€Å"man’s destiny is within himself† and that one can fulfil his hopes only through his action (p. 35-36). However, the ethics of action and involvement is subject to private subjectivity even though one’s thoughts can make one a unique individual who is moved by self-awareness of one’s consciousness. Sartre goes on to argue that existentialism does not reduce man to mere objects whereas it upholds human dignity (p. 36-37). Sartre concludes by stating that there is a universal essence in human nature and considers universality of all men as a key characteristic of the existential point of view (p. 38-39).

History of the US before 1877 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of the US before 1877 - Research Paper Example There was also American interest to expand west, which was currently owned by Great Britain as well as blockades against America due to the war with France. Many historians consider the War of 1812 to be the second American Revolution due to the fact that once the war started; America was again fighting for its right to be a sovereign nation. Unlike the American Revolution, the fighting took place by both land and sea. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1815. One of the many changes that occurred both during and after the war was the political system of the United States. This change is important due to its step in the progression of United States politics (Grodzinski 2008, 28-51). The development of politics prior to the war of 1812 was a crucial step once the United States achieved its independence from Great Britain. Under George Washington, there was no real party system, however some of the main arguments about the constructs of government existed, which wo uld still radiate through the history of the development of the United States. Since the country had just fought a war from independence from a monarchy, this was the last type of system of government that they wanted. The biggest debate was the idea of states’ rights and power versus the power of the federal government. Each side had a different attitude as far as how the country should be run, how the economy should develop, and how we should deal with foreign nations. This difference in attitude is what leads to the development of the first party systems in the United States, which carry on to current day. The other main problem that George Washington addressed when he left office was his advice to stay away from partisanship. Nevertheless, a two-party system emerged in American politics. Prior to the War of 1812, the two main political parties in the United States were the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalist Party favored a strong centrali zed government, whereas the Democratic-Republican Party was in favor of states’ rights. One of the newest ways in which political information and propaganda was through newspapers, which could now be mass-produced using the printing press. As a result, the people were more involved with events happening in the legislature. This furthered the growth of political coalitions and support. The Democratic-Republican Party was extremely anti-European in that they wanted nothing to do with Great Britain and supported the war. The Federalist combated this with the Jay Treaty, which was a way of trying to forestall war, which inevitably came (Hickory 1989, 72-100). After the United States won the War of 1812, the era known as the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† came about over the United States. This is one of the only times in United States history in which there was only one main power player in the political system, which was the Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalist Party, which had opposed the war, lost a majority of its support and eventually became non-existent. The lack of partisanship was ushered by President Monroe, who like Washington, was not in favor of partisanship in government. Even though the majority of the period between from 1817 to 1825, attitudes were starting to shift would eventually lead to the debate over whether slavery should exist or not. Unfortunately, this crisis was only averted for a short amount of time with the passing of the Missouri Compromise, which

Geology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geology - Essay Example After miners have extracted the ores from the ground, they then refine them using other substances to remain with the valuable elements. Extraction and processing of these iron ores is an expensive venture but it largely depends on mineral concentration and the form it occurs in the ground. In order to establish if a mine is commercially viable, the engineers evaluate if it has substantial mineral and metal deposits whose proceeds will generate income over and above the mining costs. In mineral extraction, there are terms that help us understand this whole refining process. Industrial minerals are stones and other naturally occurring substances that are mined and processed because they have an economic value. This is because they are used to produce other compounds and objects that are used for technological advancements. Protolith is the original rock formation that is passed through a series of solutions to come up with the resultant mineral, the process of passing these rocks thro ugh water and other solutions through a chemical reaction is called metasomatism. Gangue is a term that refers to the parts of the ore left after minerals and metals have been extracted. It is the largest contributor to environmental concerns associated with mineral extraction since it forms large debris that is not easily disposed. They also contaminate water meant for commercial and domestic use when it comes into contact with. This is because it has other dangerous minerals which mix with water to form a harmful compound to animal and plant life (Middleton, 2003 p 56)2. Other gases are released to the atmosphere causing air pollution. Occurrences The earth is made up of three components; the air (atmosphere), water (hydrosphere) and land (lithosphere). Minerals form part of the soil underneath our feet. There are numerous geological reactions that happen underground that result in mineral formation and its contents largely depends on the amount of each element taking part in the process. The time taken to form these minerals also ensures huge deposits since some chemical reactions take time to reach full reaction. The time taken and amount of elements forming these minerals and metals determine the quantity and quality of eventual produce. Geologists then determine these considerations before engaging the authorities and locals in preparations for extraction. For instance, to extract commercially viable aluminium from the ground, its composition in the gangue should be at 8.2%, with an acceptable grade of 30%. It is at 5.6% and 50% for iron respectively (Mather, 1967)3. These metals exist in their mineral form in a variety of compounds shown by chemical formulas. Table 1: Mineral occurrences of famous metals Mineral Metal Mineral formula Galena Silver Ag Native gold Gold Au Azurite Malachite Chalcopyrite Copper (exists in three forms) Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 Cu2CO3(OH)2 CuFeS2 Haematite Magnetite Pyrite Iron(exists in three forms) Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeS2 Galena Lead PbS Ca ssiterite Tin SnO3 Cinnabar Mercury HgS Geological distribution These metals exist in the ground as sulphides, sulphites, sulphates, silicates and oxides. The choice of chemicals used in purification stage depends on the form parent metal exists in. Copper exists in three forms (Cu, Cu2 and CuO) and together with iron, are mostly found in carbonate rocks which are formed through a prolonged process of chemical reactions. These metals are also found in sandstones and shales which are sub-crustal rock formations (Press, 2004 p 71)4. Evaluating mineral deposits across the globe is an arduous task since it is difficult to effectively determine the presence of a metal in geographically expansive